Elapsed time problems in Grade IV

Previously we have discussed about is 0 a rational number and In today's session we are going to discuss about Elapsed time which comes under cbse text books,It is the duration of time which occurs between two given time. Let us first understand the basic concept of time:
Time is represented in two ways:
 1. 12 hour clock: In 12 hr clock the time is represented in AM  ( for 1 to 12 hrs in morning ) and ( 13 to 24 hours after noon.PM
 2. 24 hour clock: Such clocks are used in airports , hospitals and railway stations, Here the time is represented  from 0000 hours to 2300 hours. If we need to write 2:00 pm, it is written as 1400 hrs in 24 hrs clock.
Also 12:00 noon is written as 1200 hours and 12:00 midnight is represented as 0000 hours. This concept helps us to solve the elapsed time problems very easily.
Now let us try to find the elapsed time Math problems between given two times:
   starting time                            ending time                              elapsed time
     1:15 pm                                 1:45 pm                                   = 1:45 - 1:15 = 30 minutes
     1: 20 am                                  2:20 am                                   = 2:20 - 1:20 = 1hour 0 minutes
     3: 40 am                                1:40 pm
     Now  the problem looks difficult, in such cases we simply convert both time into 24 hour clock and see
    0340 hrs                                1340 hours                              = 1340 - 0340 = 10 00 hours

   In this way various other problems of elapsed time can be calculated. In Grade IV, we will learn only basic part of it:
Let us take few examples:(want to Learn more about Elapsed time,click here),
Ram started for his school at 8:05 am and he took 25 minutes to reach the school. At what time will Ram reach the school?
 Sol: Ram started for school at = 8:05 am
        Time taken to reach the school = 0:25 hrs
  So, Ram reached the school at 8:05 + 0:25
                                                 = 8:30 AM Ans

Similarly if the time is in AM and PM, all calculations are done by converting them in 24 hours clock.
So this is a brief article about elapsed time and if anyone want to know about Estimates of Measurements in Grade V then they can refer to Internet and text books for understanding it more precisely.Read more maths topics of different grades such as Collect and represent data in the next session here.

How to perform Unit Conversions

Previously we have discussed about history of rational and irrational numbers and now we are going to discuss about Unit Conversions, In day-to-day life we deal with many measurement issues like somebody ask us about your weight and height and if you don’t  know about measurement of height and weight , then you don’t have answer . So, it is require to know units of measurement . In today's session  we all are going to discuss what is Units of measurements which comes under gujarat state education board, types of units and how we convert one unit into another unit .  
First of all we discuss what is unit of measurements and solve math problems related to it. 
Measurement is the process which is use to determine physical quantity in length, time, temperature etc. ,to standard unit of measurement like  length in meter, time in second or temperature in degree Celsius.
Now further we discuss type of units and how we done conversion in units of measurements   :
There are basically five major units of measurement -

• measurement of length : Basically measurement of length is done in meter and we have to know all basic conversions about length like  kilometer to meter , meter to centimeter etc . So, I show you a chart which shows how length unit conversion is happened -

1 kilometer = 10 hectometers
1 hectometer = 10 decameter
1 decameter = 10 meter
1 meter = 10 decimeter
1 decimeter = 10 centimeter
1 centimeter = 10 millimeter
1 foot = 12 inch
1 inch = 2.56 centimeter
If you know all these conversions about length then you can easily measure physical quantity in length term .(want to Learn more about Unit Conversions ,click here),

• measurement of weight : We generally measure weight in kilogram , but if we want to measure weight in grams and pounds , you have to  know all conversions about weight . I show you a chart which shows all conversions about weight -

1 matric ton = 1000 kilogram
1 kilogram = 1000 gram
1 gram = 1000 milligram
With the help of this chart, we can easily measure weight .

• measurement of volume : We can generally measure volume in liter and we want to measure volume in other unit of liter, we have to know all  conversions about volume and following chart make easier these things to us -

1 liter = 1000 milliliter
1 milliliter = 0.0338 ounces
1 ounces = 29.57 milliliter
1 cup = 236.6 milliliter
With the help of this chart , we can easily measure things about volume .

• measurement of time : Basically we measure time in second , but if we want to measure time in millisecond or microsecond , then we have to  all things about time conversion and following chart shows all conversions about time -

1 year = 12 months
1 year = 365 days
1 day = 24 hours
1 hours = 60 minutes
1 minutes = 60 second
1 millisecond = .001 second
1 microsecond = .000001 second
This chart teach us how we measure time .

• measurement of temperature : Basically we measure temperature in Kelvin , but if we want to measure time in Celsius or other unit of  temperature , then we have to all things about temperature conversion and following chart shows us how we done conversions of    temperature   -

• conversion from kelvin to Celsius : K = C + 273.15
• conversion from Celsius to farenheit : 9/5 C = F - 32
• conversion from farenheit to rankine : R = F + 459.5
• conversion from rankine to kelvin : 9K = 5R

This chart teach us how we convert one temperature unit into another temperature unit , like we want to convert Celsius into Kelvin , then we  have to use K = C + 273 .
So, in this session we learn grade IV's important mathematic topic Units of measurement , types of units and Unit conversions and if anyone want to know about how to Solve Decimals then they can refer to internet and text books for understanding it more precisely.Read more maths topics of different grades such as Mean and median in Maths in the next session here.

Understand Negative Numbers and their Operations

Children, Earlier we have studied about 3 digit subtraction with regrouping and today i am going to tell you the most simplest and a bit complex topic- Numbers which comes under Gujarat Board Syllabus. When we start studying math we will first introduced with number. Numbers can be positive or negative.  Positive numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and so on. Positive sign (+) or no sign means the number is positive. A grade IV student is aware of zero’s concept and can solve math problems related to it, Whole numbers starts with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and so on. Numbers lesser than zero (0) are called negative numbers. A negative sign (-) implies that the number is negative. Negative numbers are -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, and so on.
In case of negative numbers -5 is less then -4 and so as -4 is less then -3.
It is always easy for a grade IV student to perform some operation on positive numbers. Because it is easy to add, subtract, multiply or divide them. But in case of negative numbers those operations causes some problems for them. Because of the negative sign attached with them and it is always important to take extra care of them. Because while performing operations if we unknowingly change the sign than the complete answer is wrong.(want to Learn more about Negative Numbers ,click here),

Now we will discuss operations that can be performed on negative numbers.

Addition:
Adding a negative number is not easy as adding a positive number. While we add positive number we simply plus them for example: 5 + 6 = 10 but in case of negative numbers we couldn’t do this thing.
Let’s take an example to understand this:
Add 5 to -3.
We can do this by just putting + sign between them. It is good practice to use parentheses  That is
5 + (-3) = 2
Suppose if we -5 + 3 then. This time our answer we be changed. Now we have answer -2 instead of 2.

Subtraction:
When we perform subtraction operations the sign of the number after the operation sign (-) gets changed.
Example:
            Subtract 3 from 6.
                        +6 – (+3)
Now the sign of +3 will be changed into – sign. Se the answer will be positive 3.
Now suppose we have -6 and +3 and then the result will be
                        (-6) – (+3)
                        -6 -3 = -9


Multiplication:
While multiplying negative numbers we need to always remember few points:

1. If negative numbers are even in sign then the result will be a positive number.
2. If negative numbers are odd in sign then the result will be a negative number.

Example:
            -3 x -4 = 12
            -5 x  2 = -10

Division:
Similarly like multiplication we need to remember some issues while performing division operation. There are four points listed below:

1. If we divide positive number from a positive number result will be positive.

                  Example: 6/2 = 3

2. If we divide negative number from a positive number result will be negative.

                  Example: -8/4 = -2

3. If we divide positive number from a negative number result will be negative.

                  Example: 12/-3 = -6

4. If we divide negative number from a negative number result will be positive.

                        Example: -25/-5 = 3


Now you all are aware of the concept of negative numbers and their operations. Do practice this with interest and I am very much sure you will find it very easy and if anyone want to know about Properties of odd/even numbers then they can refer to internet and text books for understanding it more precisely. Read more maths topics of different grades such as Steps in problem solving in the next session here.

How to solve Decimal number Problems?

Hello Friends, Previously we have discussed about rational numbers properties and in today's session we all are going to discuss about some of the most interesting topics of mathematics, Decimal numbers and Solving decimal number problems  which are usually studied in Grade IV of every education board. Here I am going to tell you the best way of understanding these terms.
Decimal number systems are easier to use than math fractions in daily life as they are base 10 systems. Decimals numbers are used in finance, construction, measuring distances, mass, currency.
In decimal number system, value of a digit of a number depends upon its position in the number. With each place has a value of 10 times the place to its rights or in other words we can say this thing as value of each place is 1/10 times the place to its left.
Now move on solving decimal number problems. There are many operations performed on decimal number:(want to know about decimal number in details ,click here),
Addition of decimal numbers:
1. Put the term in vertical column so that decimal points aligned.
2. Add each column of digits, starting on the right and working left. If the sum of a column is more than ten, "carry" digits to the next column on the left.
3. Place the decimal point in the answer directly below decimal points in the terms.
Subtraction of decimal numbers:
1. Put the numbers in a vertical column, aligning the decimal points.
2. Subtract each column, starting on the right and working left. If the digit being subtracted in a column is larger than the digit above it, "borrow" a digit from the next column to the left.
3. Place the decimal point in the answer directly below the decimal points in the terms.
Multiplication of decimals numbers:
1. Line up the numbers on the right. Do not align the decimal point.
2. Multiply the numbers just as if they were whole numbers.
3. Starting on the right, multiply each digit in the top number by each digit in the bottom number, just as with whole numbers.
4. Add the products.
5. Place the decimal point in the answer by starting from the right and moving a number of positions equal to the sum of the decimal places in both terms.

Division of decimals numbers:
1. If the divisor is not a whole number, move decimal point to right to make it a whole number and move decimal point in dividend the same number of places.
2. Now divide it like we use to so in whole numbers, until the answer terminates or repeats.
3. Put the decimal point directly above decimal point in the dividend.
4. Check the answer. Multiply quotient by divisor. And make sure it will be equal to the dividend.
Rounding off decimal numbers:
1. Pick the place value which we want to round off and look at the just to the right of it.
2. If that digit is less than 5, do not change the rounding digit but drop all digits to the right of it.
3. If that digit is greater than or equal to five, add one to the rounding digit and drop all digits to the right of it.

This is all about the Decimal number and if anyone want to know about Rounding numbers then they can refer to internet and text books for understanding it more precisely.Read more maths topics of different grades such as Number systems in Grade V in the next session here.

Understand various Angles and their relation to Fractions

Hi friends, In today's article we all are going to discuss about a very important part of cbse syllabus that is angles/relate angles to fractions, Grade IV, geometry help. Before, we move to the topic, it necessary to know about what is angle?which can be used for your Homework help, An angle is defined as a shape, formed by two lines (line one is xy and other is yz and their meeting point is y) or rays diverging from a common point.
Now we are discussing about the Attributes and measurement of angles:- Attributes (Vertex, Legs, Interior, and Exterior) are nothing but the parts of an angle. From the study of these attributes it is easy to understand an angle.
Vertex: The common point at which the two lines or rays are joined is called vertex. If xy and yz are two lines then the vertex point is y and vertex of the angle is xyz.Get further details on fraction here,
Legs: Legs or sides of an angle are the two lines that make it up. From the above, the lines xy and yz are the legs of the angle xyz.
Interior: The interior of an angle is the space by which the angle extending out to infinity.
Exterior                : All the space on the plane that is not the interior is called exterior.
Measure of an angle:-In measurement of angle the size of an angle is measured in degrees .When we say the angle xyz we mean the actual angle object. If we want to talk about the size or measure of the angle in degrees we should say the measure of the angle xyz.
Let’s we discuss about the types of angle and these angles are used in mathematics, sciences even in real world problems etc. These angles are explained one by one in below:
Acute Angle: Acute Angle is an angle that is less than 90°.
Right Angle: Exact 90° angle is called right angle.
Obtuse Angle: Obtuse Angle is an angle that is greater than 90° but less than 180°.
Straight Angle: Exact 180° angle is called Straight Angle.
Reflex Angle: Reflex Angle is an angle that is greater than 180°.
Now we are taking some examples: - Let the values of angles a, b, c, d, e and f are 31⁰,
90.5⁰, 90⁰, 130⁰,37⁰,42.8⁰  respectively. Now from these values of angles the Acute Angles is a, e and f, Obtuse Angles is b and d, right angle is c. Like this we find all the angles.
Now I am telling you something about Pairs of Angles. Pairs of angles are created when parallel lines get crossed by another line which is called a Transversal. These pair of angles has special names and their names are vertical angles, corresponding angles, alternate interior angles, alternate exterior angles, consecutive interior angles.
Lastly I am telling you one more angle that is Angles around a point. Angles around a Point are a 360⁰ angle and made a circle. For example 53°, 80°, 142°, 85° are the values of angles. When we add these then the sum is 360⁰.
53°+ 80°+142°+ 85°=360⁰    
From the above discussion I hope it would be help you to understand Angles/relate angles to fractions, Grade IV, geometry and if anyone want to know about Factors and products then they can refer to internet and text books for understanding it more precisely.Read more maths topics of different grades such as Decimals and Place Values in the next session here.

Transformations using Concrete Models

Children,In last session we read about real numbers examples and Today we are going to give tutors on Geometry and their transformations using concrete models which falls under the syllabus of gujarat state education board . Today we will study about  point, line, line segment, ray, Plane, parallel lines and perpendicular lines.

POINT: A point in the space represents the exact location in the space. It is always represented by a dot(.) and it has no length or thickness. It is represented by Capital Alphabets of English. Here are some points.
     .A        .X      .N        .P
Here A, X, N,P represents the points. We must always use a sharpened pencil to draw various geometrical figures.
LINE:  When many group of points joined together , if drawn in same plane and direction forms a line. It extends endlessly in both direction and has no fixed length. It has no end points.
                             A <-------------------------->    B
Here AB represents a line and its arrows on both sides represents that it extends in both the directions. Example for line is the edge of endless straight road.

LINE SEGMENT: A line segment is the part of a line and it has a fixed length.  A line always has a starting and  end point. It is represented as  XY. Edge of a window , ruler or a table top represents a line segment.
                              X__________________________Y
HOW TO MEASURE A LINE SEGMENT:  As we know a line segment has a start and end point. We place the ruler mark “0” at the start of a line and then check the exact location of the end point of the line. It gives us the length of a line segment. (want to Learn more about transformations ,click here)

1. RAY: A ray is the portion of a line which has a starting point but no end point. It extends endlessly in only one direction. Ray of a torch or a sun beam represents a ray. It is represented as PQ. Ray PQ means its starting point is P and it extends in Q direction.

                                 
PLANE: The surface of any solid figure may be flat or curved. If the surface is flat then it is called Plane surface. Example of a flat surface is table top, wall , plain road etc.
                It the surface of the object is curved then it is called the curved surface. Example of the curved surface are ball, globe and sphere.
 PARALLEL LINES: The two lines are parallel to each other if they are at equal distance at all the points. It means that they do not meet. If we see the railway track or even the two opposite edges of a ruler, they are at equal distance at all the points , so they are parallel. ‘II’ sign represents the pair of parallel  
 In the above figure, we have AB II CD
                                               A________________________________B
                                               C________________________________ D
PERPENDICULAR LINES: A pair of lines are perpendicular , if one line makes angle of 90^o with another. An English Alphabet T is the example of perpendicular lines.  Here in the given figure Line segment AB is perpendicular to Line segment BC. Also line segment BC is perpendicular to line segment CD.

                                             A __________________|B
                                                                                |
                                                                                |
                                                                                |
                                                                                |C
                                                                                |____________________D


This is all about the geometry transformations  and if anyone want to know about Properties of odd/even numbers then they can refer to internet and text books for understanding it more precisely. You can also refer grade V blog for further reading on Mean and median in Maths.

Learn finding Area, Circumference and Perimeter

Hello Friends, in today's class we all are going to discuss about some of the most interesting topics of mathematics, geometry, area, circumference and perimeter which comprises of a huge part of cbse question bank. Here I am going to tell you the best way of understanding these terms.
Now start with basic geometry help:
Geometry is the basic about the point, lines, angle, area, volume etc. And to learn it we should have knowledge of some terms:

1.    Point:

Point is represented as a dot in a plane. Usually we denote it with a capital letter.

2.    Line:

Line is described as the collection of points. Line does not have any end point i.e. it extends forever.

3.    Line segment:

Line segment is a part of line that has two end points.

4.    Ray:

Ray is defined as the a line which starts from a point and extends in a direction forever in simple words we can say that line with a single end point.           

5.    Angle:

When two rays start from same point then they form an angle between them.                                  

                   

6.    Plane:

Plane can be defined as a flat surface that extends forever.                              

And now we will start learning about the terms area, circumference and perimeter. And remember one thing that all these terms have their own geometrical formulas for each and every figure i.e. formulas of area are different for circle, triangle, rectangle etc. and similarly this is also in the case of circumference and perimeter. Click here to know more about Geometry.                                  

Now one by one we will go through to each term and see their formulas for different shapes:

1.    Area:

Area is calculated in “square” units and the area of a given plane surface is equal to the number of squares required to cover it.

1.    Square: b²                                                   

2.    Rectangle: l x b => ( length x breath )

3.    Parallelogram: b x h => ( breath x height )

4.    Trapezoid: h ( b₁ + b₂ )

                  2

5.      Circle: pi r²   ( pi = 3.14)

6.      Ellipse: pi r₁² r₂²

7.    Triangle: ½ ( b x h )

8.    Equilateral triangle: sqrt ( 3 ) ( a² )

                                      4

         
             Let’s take an example:
            Q1. Find the area of a circle whose diameter is 4 cm. ( pi = 3.14 )
            Solution:
                        Diameter of a circle = 2r
                        Therefore     4 = 2r
                                             r = 2 cm
                        Area of a circle = pi r²
                                                                             = 3.14 x 2²
                                                 = 12.56 cm²

2.    Perimeter:

Perimeter is defined as the sum of all sides of a figure.

1.    Square: 4b 

2.    Rectangle:2p + 2q 

3.    Triangle:p + q + r   

4.    Circle: 2pi r  

5.    Circle:  pi d (where d is the diameter)

           Let’s take an example:
            Q1. Find the perimeter of a square whose edge length is 4 cm.
            Solution:
                        Perimeter of a square = 4 x (edge length)
                                                            = 4 x 4
                                                            = 16 cm

3.    Circumference:

Circumference is defined as the distance around any closed surface.

1.    Circle: 2 pi r

               Let’s take an example:
            Q1. Find the circumference of a circle whose radius is 4 cm. ( pi = 3.14 )
            Solution:
                        Circumference of a circle = 2 pi r
                                                                 = 2 x 3.14 x 4
                                                                 = 25.12 cm

This is all about the finding Area, Circumference and Perimeter and if still it is not clear to anyone they can refer to internet and text books for understanding it more precisely. You can also refer grade V blog for further reading on geometry. You can read more maths topics of different grades such as Numbers in Grade IV on Internet.

 
         

Geometric Figures in Grade IV

Hello friend’s,today I am going to discuss the important topic for grade IV of karnataka education board which are geometry,geometry help, geometric figures, attributes. So today we will start the brief discussed about that topic.
Let’s start with definition of Geometry. You know friend, geometry is very important set of topic for math students. By geometry we can make a line, triangle, circle, angle etc.  These are the applications of the geometry. By geometry we can solve very big problems in short way.
Let’s start with line what is line in geometry? In geometry line has three properties.
Line is straight (no curve),
Line has no thickness
Line can be extended in both directions without end.


Various types of lines:includes Straight line, Parallel lines, Perpendicular line.
Let‘s discuss the another shape:
Quadrilaterals:  Quadrilaterals are like a shape which has four sides. Given below are some quadratics with figure:
. Rectangle

.Parallelograms

.Rhombus

.Square

.trapezium


Let’s move on other shape:(To know more about geometrical figures click here)
Circle: A circle is like a closed loop which has a fixed distance from the center point.
Properties of a circle:
Center: a point inside the circle and all points on the circle have same distance from the center point.
Radius: the radius is distance from the circle point and also it’s half of diameter.
Diameter:  this is twice of the radius.
Circumference: this is distance all around the circle.
Tangent: a line that is touching the circle at just one point.
Secant: A line that intersect a circle at two points that is secant.
Let’s move on other application:
Triangle: triangle has three sides and three angles.
It’s also called 3-sided polygon.

Triangle properties:
Vertex: vertex is a corner of the triangle and every triangle has three vertices.
Base: any triangle of the bottom side is called base this depends upon area of triangle.
Altitude: altitude of a triangle is the perpendicular from the base to opposite vertex.
Median: when three lines intersects at single point it is called median. This also called cancroids of the triangle.
Interior angles:  the three angles on the inside of the triangle at each vertex which angle is called interior angle. (In a triangle the shortest side is always opposite the smallest interior angle.)
Exterior angle: In a triangle, the angle between triangle and the extension of an adjacent side which is called exterior angles. (In a triangle the longest side is always opposite to the largest interior angle.)

Types of triangle:  there are seven types of triangles and these have own properties.
Isosceles:    in this triangle two sides are equal
Equilateral: in this triangle all sides are equal.
Scalene:  in this triangle no sides are equal.
Right triangle:  in this only one angle is 90⁰
Obtuse: in this triangle only one angle is greater than 90⁰
Acute: in this triangle all angles less than 90⁰.
Equiangular:  in this triangle all interior angles are equal.

So friends that was the basics of the geometry. We hope you have understood the topics very well. To know about grade V topics and Parallel lines, perpendicular lines, geometry wait till next session.

Rectangular Coordinate System in Grade IV

Hello friends, as I believe you have understood the previous topics. Today we are going to discuss about the rectangular coordinate system which you need to study in grade IV of karnataka board. The coordinate system is the most basic concept so you need to focus more because if you understand this concept then you can understand the coordinate geometry quite easily. rectangular coordinate consists of two  axes X and Y.


In actual X and Y are intersecting two perpendicular lines. The direction of X is in horizontal direction and Y is in vertical direction. Any point on both the lines either on X axis or on Y axis are real numbers(definition of real numbers). Every coordinate system consists of 4 quadrants. In 1^st quadrant all the value of X and Y are positive, in the second quadrant  value of x is negative and value of y is positive, in third quadrant value of both x and y are negative .and in the 4^th quadrant value of x will be positive and value of y will be negative. If we know all about quadrants then it will be very easy for us to find the value of X and Y because if we know that in which quadrant value of x and y is positive and in which quadrant value is negative because sign convention plays a very important role in finding the exact value of x and y and there are many online math tutor that can give further explanation. The point where  x and y axis intersect each other is called origin and its points are (0,0). When you represent any point, it represents in the form of (x,y) where x is called abscissa and y is called ordinate .

Now by the image given below, your all doubts about the coordinate system will be clear so let’s see this example (For further details on Rectangular Coordinate System click here )


In this image you can see that all the four quadrants are shown very perfectly as you can see the point given in 1^st quadrant is (6,4) so you can see x is positive as well as y is also positive. Point (6,4) represents that x is 6 unit  distance from the origin  in horizontal direction and y is 4 unit distance from the origin in vertical direction. The second point is (-6,4). Now  point -6 is the 6 unit distance from the origin in negative horizontal direction and 4 is the distance in vertical direction. The third point is (-6,-4) both x and y are negative points -6 is the 6 unit distance from the origin in negative horizontal direction and -4 is the 4 unit distance in negative vertical direction and in the 4^th quadrant  we have (6,-4). In this value of x is positive and value of y is negative so 6 is the distance in horizontal direction and 4 is the distance in negative vertical  direction.
By above example I think you got to know all the basic of quadrants as I believe you just got everything about 1^st,2^nd,3^rd,and 4^th quadrant then you can easily find out all the points.
This is all about quadrants and if anyone want information on Parallel lines, perpendicular lines, geometry  and Mean and median in Maths then they can refer to internet and text books for understanding it more precisely.

Equivalent Fraction of grade IV

Hello Friends, in today's session we all are going to discuss about numbers and one of the most interesting topics of mathematics, equivalent fractions which is usually studied in grade IV of gujarat board. Here I am going to tell you the best way to understand this topic and you can get more information about this from various Tutor sites available.
In equivalent fractions, we will discuss what equivalent fractions are, way to determine two fractions are equivalent or not. How to convert a fraction into equivalent fractions and also way to reduce  fraction and reduce rational expressions to lowest terms.
Numbers represented as numerator and denominator form, called fractional number. An equivalent fraction can be defined as the two different objects with different names but same relationship, they represents the same part of an object. The equivalent fractions are the fraction which have same overall value but are different in look. for more about it click here.
Example: 1/2 = 2/4
            1/2 is the two equal parts of one and 2/4 is the 4 equal parts.

To check whether two fractions are equivalent or not, there is a rule which can be express as:
                         a / b = c / d
or                      a x d = b x c
This rule say that two fractions will be equal if the product of the numerator of the first fraction i.e. ‘a’ and the denominator of the second fraction i.e. ‘d’ is equal to the product of denominator of first fraction i.e. ‘b’ is and numerator of the second fraction i.e. ‘c’. Let’s understand it by taking an numerical example:
                   2 / 4 = 8 / 16
                    Only if ………
                   2 x 16 = 4 x 8
                    Check ……..
                       32 = 32
In this example we can say that these fractions will be equal only if the product of the numerator of the first fraction i.e. ‘2’ and the denominator of the second fraction i.e. ‘16’ is equal to the product of denominator of first fraction i.e. ‘4’ is and numerator of the second fraction i.e. ‘8’.So we know that 2/4 is equivalent to 8/16, because
2 x 16 = 32 and 4 x 8 = 36.
A simple and best way to check for equivalent fractions is "cross - multiplication", which say that multiplication of the numerator of one fraction by the denominator of the second fraction and the multiplication of the denominator of the first fraction  by numerator of the second fraction.
Now coming to our next topic, where we learn how to convert a fraction into equivalent fractions. Suppose we have 4/3 = ?/24. We have to find the values missing.
Now to make denominator equals to 24 we have to multiply 3 with 8,
                           4               ?
                        -------     =    -------
                        3 x 8            24
To make it equivalent fraction, we have multiply both denominator and numerator with same number. So now
         
                        4 x 8                32
                        --------       =     -------
                        3 x 8                24
Now suppose a fact when the one denominator can’t be divided by other side denominator so what would we do now?
Example: 2/5 and 4/3
Just multiply both denominator with the same digit an convert them into same digit
Now we have
                        2/5 = 6/15 and 4/3 = 20/15


Now in our last topic we will see reduce a fraction into lowest term.    

Taking an example:

Reduce 20/28 in lowest term. Both have a common divisor 4 so we divide both by 4.
                        20              5
                       ------      =  -----
                       28              7

               

These are some basics of Equivalent fractions. As a student of grade IV, you have to practice it harder to get master in this. As it is not an easy topic of mathematics and if you want to know about Equivalent Fractions in Grade III
then you can refer Internet.                    

Estimation and Measurement in Grade IV

Hi friends, in today's class we all are going to discuss about Estimation and measurement and what is measurement for grade IV. There are many physical quantity such as a length, time, weight, temperature etc .The process by which these physical quantities are determined with their units is called measurement. For example the temperature unit is degree Celsius. Measurement is necessary in every field like mathematics, sciences or in real life. Let's take a real life example which may help you to understand the measurement. When we are buying fruits and vegetables, we need to know how much quantity of fruits and vegetables are taken. On the basis of quantity the shopkeeper tells us the price of those things. This whole process is called Measurement. So, the determination or estimation of ratios of quantities is called measurement. Now I am telling you the units and systems of physical quantity. Every physical quantity has their SI units. SI unit means the International System of Units which is widely adopted around the world. But, before the SI units there are other system of units like imperial system, metric system. The imperial system of units was used in Britain, the Commonwealth and the United States. The imperial system of units remains in use in Britain. For example the signs of road are still in miles, yards, milk and cider are sold by the pint.  The Imperial system of units are used in many other places also for example, in many Commonwealth countries, land area is measured in acres and floor space in square feet. Now    the other system is metric system of units. The decimal systems
(also try adding decimal calculator) of measurement are called metric system of units and based on its units for length the meter and for mass the kilogram. In everyday and scientific purposes metric units of mass, length, and electricity are widely used around the world.
The units of multiples and fractions (read also how to do fractions) are expressed as Powers of 10 of each unit. The conversions of units are always simple because they are in the ratio of ten, one hundred, etc. So that conversions are achieved by simply moving the decimal place like 1.134 meters is 1134 millimeters or 0.001134 kilometers. For example, lengths and distances are measured in meters, or thousandths of a meter (millimeters), or thousands of meters (kilometers).
Now some International System of Units: The modern revision of the metric system is called International System of Units. International System of Units is the world's most widely used system which is used both in everyday or real life and in science. This system was developed in 1960 from the meter-kilogram-second (MKS) system, rather than the centimeter-gram-second (CGS) system. Following are the six basic physical quantities
Meter (m) is the SI unit of length.
Second (s) is the SI unit of time.
Kilogram (kg) is the SI unit of mass.
Ampere (A) is the SI unit of electric current.
Degree Kelvin (K) is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature.
Candela (cd) is the SI unit of luminous intensity.
From the above discussion I hope that it would help you to understand Estimation and measurement.

In upcoming posts we will discuss about Equivalent Fraction of grade IV and Mean and median in Maths. Visit our website for information on west bengal board of primary education

Temperature in Grade IV

Hello friends as I believe you have understood the previous topics  and today we are going to discuss about how to read temperature that you have to study in math help solver, grade IV. This topic is very important as per for study and also very useful in daily life. We will discuss all about temperature in detail firstly we need to know what is a temperature?
Temperature is a physical property of a matter that tells us about the matter  weather is cold or hot .objects with high temperature are hot and objects with low temperature are cold. While you touch any object or matter you can sense it is hot or cold this is also the property of the matter which tells you about temperature.
Temperature played a very important role in the field of natural science (specially free physics help, chemistry, biology geology and medical science)
Many physical properties of object including liquid phase solid, gaseous, density, solubility, vapor pressure and electrical conductivities are dependent on temperature.  It plays a very important role in determining the rate of reaction in chemistry. Many reactions in chemistry are temperature dependent as their rate of reaction can be increased or decreased with the help of temperature. Another application of temperature is in the light bulb that we use in daily life. It contain a tungsten filament which heat with temperature and as it gets heated it provides light. Thermometer is also used in the medical for measuring fever with the help of temperature.
The scales mainly used for temperature measurement are Celsius, Kelvin and Fahrenheit. Kelvin is the scale mainly used by scientists. We can convert Celsius in to Kelvin as
0 °C=273kelvin
Generally  we consider room temperature as 25 °C so you can say room temperature is 298k. (more detail here)
Mainly in United States they use Fahrenheit for the measurement of temperature a historical  scale in which water  freezes  at 32F and boils at 212F
0 Kelvin is defined as absolute zero temperature. which is equal to -273 Kelvin
In modern days temperature is generally measured by thermometer and now a days some new build scales are also used. Rekien scale is used in USA to measure the temperature.
If we talk about the units of temperature in S I(international system of units ) is Kelvin it has a unit K.
If we talk about 0 °C it is the freezing point of water and 100 °C is the boiling point of water at sea level.
Kelvin and Celsius scale are defined by 2 fix points absolute zero and triple point.
You can convert all the units to Celsius if you need to as I told you above about the Celsius to Kelvin conversion. Now we will see how we can convert Fahrenheit to Celsius.
F= °C*9/5+32
This is the formula that you need to remember for your higher grades. We can also convert Celsius to Fahrenheit with the help of following formula
°C=(F-32)*5/9
In higher classes you can be asked about the conversions
This is all about temperature. I hope you understood all the things about temperature.

In upcoming posts we will discuss about Estimation and Measurement in Grade IV and Possible outcomes and making predictions. Visit our website for information on accounts syllabus for WB 11th class

Positive Numbers in Grade IV

Hello friends, now in this chapter of the mathematics for grade IV, we are going to get introduced by number and some of their particular types as positive and negative numbers. We will learn some operations on them and their way of representation. Number is a mathematical entity or object which is used to represent the quantity. Numbers are used to count and measure the quantity in the real world. The number has a lot of definition in the term of their types for example negative numbers (numbers with - sign), positive numbers (all integers greater than zero), rational numbers (a / b ), complex numbers and many more. All of the mathematical operations are applied on the numbers for example addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are performed on numbers. (Also read on how to solve proportions to improve your math knowledge)

These are the operations that takes numbers and performs the operation to produce the specific result as output. Some operations like unary operation that takes single number as input and produce another single number, binary operations takes two numbers as input and produces a single output number. In the grade IV addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation are some types of binary operations.  All the numeric operations performed in math are the part of arithmetical mathematics. Numerals are some types of symbols which are used to represents the numbers in mathematics. (more on positive numbers here)

Now talking about the types of numbers, we have a types of numbers. For example, natural numbers like computable numbers (1, 2, 3, 68, 10003, etc.), integers, rational numbers, real numbers (13.46 type decimal numbers), complex numbers(x + iy), and some specifically used numbers. The numbers which are named due to their sign are as negative numbers (having negative sign before them), positive numbers, infinity and infinitesimals (not having end limit or can’t be counted) and even numbers ( number divisible by two) and odd numbers (can’t be divisible by 2). Zero is also a number which does not have any sign either positive or negative. Other types of numbers could be as complex numbers, rational and irrational numbers, transcendental numbers ( for example pi), real numbers and prime numbers (3, 1, 7, 11, etc.). Grade IV has some of the basic operations on the number which the pupils of grade IV get normally interacted. So we just use addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division like simple operations on the numbers in this chapter. Talking about positive number, numbers which are greater than zero and also have some magnitude. It always represents an integer. All the integers represent the positive number. All the normal operations in mathematics are applied on the positive numbers. For example 1, 2, 5, 8, 978, 1034, and all integer show the positive number. All the operations are applied on the positive numbers. For example: Addition of positive:  45 + 55 = 100

                                Subtraction         :       978 – 875 = 103

Similarly, multiplication and division can also be performed on positive numbers.

In the term of number line positive number always lie on the right side on the number line. Here zero differentiates the negative and positive numbers on the line.

In upcoming posts we will discuss about Temperature in Grade IV and Mathematics in daily life. Visit our website for information on chemistry syllabus for class 12 Maharashtra board

Number Operations in Grade IV

Hello friends our today’s topic is the most basic topic of mathematics. In today’s session we will learn numbers, operations. Specifically addition and subtraction. When we start learning math, our faculty first introduces us with the numbers. Numbers (also read what are prime numbers) are the base of math. Numbers in mathematics are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4…. N.

Operations can be defined as the manipulation performed on numbers. There are four basic operations which are Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division

In today’s topic we will only discuss Addition and Subtraction. So we will start with the Addition first.

Addition is the operation to total something. Here by total we mean to join two or more numbers (also read rational numbers worksheet). Symbol + is used to denote the operation of addition.

Example:

Suppose we have two numbers “A” and “B” and “R” is the total after the addition operation. So the Addition operation is defined as:

                        A + B = R

And in words “ A plus B equals to R ”.

Now putting numbers in place of  A, B and R.

We will start with the simplest one.

Single digit addition:

                                    1 + 1 = 2

                                    3 + 5 = 5 + 3 = 8

                                    4 + 3 = 3 + 4 = 7

Have you noticed something in above examples. No! If we change the order of number then the result will not be affected. It will remain the same.          

Two digits addition

                                    10 + 3 = 13

                                    25 + 24 = 49

                                    60 + 20 = 80

Similarly we can add “n” digit numbers.

By following the process below

Step 1: arrange the digits of the number in column form.

Step 2: Now add it as the single digit number starting from right to left. And if carry is generated then count it on the column left to it and put the result in the last row.

Example:

                        Add 123+345+789

               1 2 3

            +  3 4 5

            +  7 8 9

        -------------------

             1 2 5 7

Subtraction is the operation to taking something. Symbol minus (–) is used to denote the operation of subtraction.

Example:

Suppose we have two numbers “A” and “B” and “R” is the result after the subtraction operation. So the subtraction operation is defined as:

                        A - B = R

And in words “ A minus B equals to R ”.

Now putting numbers in place of A, B and R.

We will start with the simplest one.

Single digit subtraction:

                                    4 - 1 = 3 but 1 – 4 = -3

                                    5 - 3 = 2 but 3 – 5 = -2

                                    4 - 3 = 1 but 3 – 4 = -1

Have you noticed something in above examples. No! If we change the order of number then the result will be changed too. That is the order of numbers are important.

Two digits subtraction:

                                    10 - 3 = 7

                                    25 - 24= 1

                                    60 - 20 = 40

Similarly we can subtract “n” digit numbers.

By following the process below:

Step 1: arrange the digits of the number in column form.

Step 2: Now subtract it as the single digit number starting from right to left. If the above number is smaller then the number down then take borrow from the number in left column.

Example:

            Subtract 987-342

              9 8 7

            - 3 4 2

          -------------

              6 4 5 

Isn't it very easy. It will take no time to get master. Just spent some little time and you will be perfect in it.

In upcoming posts we will discuss about Positive Numbers in Grade IV and Mathematical Reasoning. Visit our website for information on ICSE syllabus for business studies

Fractions and Decimals in Grade IV

Hello friends, now we are going to learn about some of the chapters of mathematics for grade IV. Today we wil learn about decimals (read how to divide decimals), fractions and percents of the numbers. We will get introduced by composition and decomposition of numbers also.

First introducing with fraction and decimals. Fractions are the numbers which represent the part of a whole number. These are in the form of ratio of numerator to denominator. For example 3/4, 5/6, 2/3 etc. Just taking 5/6 in the consideration, then 5 is the numerator which tells us that the fraction represents 5 equal parts, and the denominator, 6, tells us that 6 parts equals a whole quantity. Fraction number shows the part of a whole number and they are used to represent some ratio and decimal form of numbers. Just like fraction, decimal is the number which also shows some part of the whole number. Decimal numbers are the types of fraction of a whole number and they also come from the fraction number. 

For example any fraction number can be converted into the decimal number and decimal also can be same. Say for example any fractional number is ½ then by simplifying it we can write it as 0.5. The simplification is as that let us multiply by 5 on both numerator and denominator terms and we gets 5/10 which on decomposing in the decimal becomes 0.5. So ½ is equivalent to the 0.5 which is half of any whole number.

Now discussing about percentage of a Number. Percentage is a way of representation of any number as a fraction of 100(per cent stands for per 100). It is denoted by “%” sign, for example 54 %( also read as “fifty four percent”) which is equal to 54/100 in the fraction and 0.54 in decimal. Percentages are used to show the quantity of any number that how large or small quantity is and the decrease & increase in the price. We have to find percentage of any number in this topic.

For example, 10% of 50 is 5 and this can be calculated by some methods. That is:

                10 / 100 * 50         = 10 * 50 / 100

                                                =  5.

The change in quantity is also represented in percentage in the form of how much the change has been detected in the quantity. So we first need to find the fraction of number and then convert that to the percentage. For example, an increase of $0.10 in money value of $ 2.75 is an increase by a fraction of 0.10/2.75 = 0.036. Expressed as a percentage, this is therefore increase of 3% in the money value. The concept of percentage is also applicable on percentage of a number, discounts, taxes, sales  percent of changes, and percent of comparison.

Compose and decompose numbers is also a topic in some of the real life topics. Compose and decompose numbers stands for breaking any number into as many combinations of groups as possible. Let's say 4 can be composed in four groups of one, two groups of three, a group of four or by many more other combinations.

In upcoming posts we will discuss about Number Operations in Grade IV and Problem solving strategies. Visit our website for information on CBSE board home science syllabus for class 11