Transformations using Concrete Models

Children,In last session we read about real numbers examples and Today we are going to give tutors on Geometry and their transformations using concrete models which falls under the syllabus of gujarat state education board . Today we will study about  point, line, line segment, ray, Plane, parallel lines and perpendicular lines.

POINT: A point in the space represents the exact location in the space. It is always represented by a dot(.) and it has no length or thickness. It is represented by Capital Alphabets of English. Here are some points.
     .A        .X      .N        .P
Here A, X, N,P represents the points. We must always use a sharpened pencil to draw various geometrical figures.
LINE:  When many group of points joined together , if drawn in same plane and direction forms a line. It extends endlessly in both direction and has no fixed length. It has no end points.
                             A <-------------------------->    B
Here AB represents a line and its arrows on both sides represents that it extends in both the directions. Example for line is the edge of endless straight road.

LINE SEGMENT: A line segment is the part of a line and it has a fixed length.  A line always has a starting and  end point. It is represented as  XY. Edge of a window , ruler or a table top represents a line segment.
                              X__________________________Y
HOW TO MEASURE A LINE SEGMENT:  As we know a line segment has a start and end point. We place the ruler mark “0” at the start of a line and then check the exact location of the end point of the line. It gives us the length of a line segment. (want to Learn more about transformations ,click here)

1. RAY: A ray is the portion of a line which has a starting point but no end point. It extends endlessly in only one direction. Ray of a torch or a sun beam represents a ray. It is represented as PQ. Ray PQ means its starting point is P and it extends in Q direction.

                                 
PLANE: The surface of any solid figure may be flat or curved. If the surface is flat then it is called Plane surface. Example of a flat surface is table top, wall , plain road etc.
                It the surface of the object is curved then it is called the curved surface. Example of the curved surface are ball, globe and sphere.
 PARALLEL LINES: The two lines are parallel to each other if they are at equal distance at all the points. It means that they do not meet. If we see the railway track or even the two opposite edges of a ruler, they are at equal distance at all the points , so they are parallel. ‘II’ sign represents the pair of parallel  
 In the above figure, we have AB II CD
                                               A________________________________B
                                               C________________________________ D
PERPENDICULAR LINES: A pair of lines are perpendicular , if one line makes angle of 90^o with another. An English Alphabet T is the example of perpendicular lines.  Here in the given figure Line segment AB is perpendicular to Line segment BC. Also line segment BC is perpendicular to line segment CD.

                                             A __________________|B
                                                                                |
                                                                                |
                                                                                |
                                                                                |C
                                                                                |____________________D


This is all about the geometry transformations  and if anyone want to know about Properties of odd/even numbers then they can refer to internet and text books for understanding it more precisely. You can also refer grade V blog for further reading on Mean and median in Maths.